National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the US federal government's registry of historic properties established by the National Historic Preservation Act and administered by the National Park Service/Department of Interior. The registry contains over 94,000 buildings and sites important for architecture, history, archaeology, events, and more in the United States, territories of the US, Micronesia, Palau, Marshall Islands, and Morocco.
Important websites for finding NRHP sites
- United States National Register of Historic Places listings - List of all sites in states, territories, and countries. Each state wiki page is subdivided into list of sites for each county. The lists of sites also provide a GeoHack link allowing one to zoom straight into the location and edit with iD.
- NPGallery Digital Asset Search - Allows one to search sites by reference number, state, name, county, or city. Not as intuitive as Wikipedia lists though.
- NRHP Table - Table embedded into the NRHP website where one can search sites by name.
- NRHP Download Center - List of various data downloads containing site information.
- National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories - Wikipedia list of architectural style names and IDs used by the NRHP.
National Historic Landmarks
It is extremely easy for a building to become a part of the NRHP, but to become a National Historic Landmark (NHL), the site has to be much more significant. Only 3% of NRHP sites are also NHL sites, as the criteria to become one is much more extreme. To become an NHL site a site must meet one of these criteria as described by the NRHP Eligibity Website:
- "Properties that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to, and are identified with, or that outstandingly represent, the broad national patterns of United States history and from which an understanding and appreciation of those patterns may be gained."
- "Properties that are associated importantly with the lives of persons nationally significant in the history of the United States."
- "Properties that represent some great idea or ideal of the American people."
- "Properties that embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen exceptionally valuable for a study of a period, style, or method of construction, or that represent a significant, distinctive and exceptional entity whose components may lack individual distinction."
- "Properties that are composed of integral parts of the environment not sufficiently significant by reason of historical association or artistic merit to warrant individual recognition but collectively compose an entity of exceptional historical or artistic significance, or outstandingly commemorate or illustrate a way of life or culture."
- "Properties that have yielded or may be likely to yield information of major scientific importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation over large areas of the United States. Such sites are those which have yielded, or which may reasonably be expected to yield, data affecting theories, concepts and ideas to a major degree."
NRHP categories
All locations on the NRHP can be subdivided into the following categories: Buildings, Historic Districts, Objects, Sites, and Structures
Building
The National Register defines buildings as somewhere that human activities take place. Examples include:
Any building without basic structural elements is categorized as a site.
Historic Districts
Historic Districts are a group of buildings, often with various architectural styles, united by a similar historical or geographical background. These places can most often be tagged as neighbourhoods. When tagging historic districts, one should outline the district as best as possible using bounding information provided on the NRHP website and Wikipedia, and tag the area with place=neighbourhood and historic=district. All other heritage values listed further on this page other than ones that are building specific can be applied to the neighbourhood.
Object
An object is typically on a smaller scale, and artistic. Most objects will not have a building=* tag but rather a man_made=*, tourism=*, or historic=* tag.
Sites
A site is an area where a historical event occurred in the past. These often tend to be battlefields, archaeological sites, abandoned frontier camps, and paleontological digs. An important addendum to this category is that many archaeological/paleontological sites have their locations redacted on the list out of respect for indigenous religion/values as well as to prevent vandalism. Even if you do know where such a location is, it is best not to map it for these same reasons. Furthermore, it may even be illegal to do so depending on your jurisdiction.
Structures
A structure is a man-made thing that does not shelter human activities, but do facilitate them. Examples include bridges, ships, airplanes, elevators, free-standing towers and more.
Important tags for locations on the NRHP
- name=* Most if not all NRHP sites have a name attached to them.
- historic=heritage
- heritage=2 is required on every NRHP site because the NRHP is a federal institution, it is treated similarly to admin_level=2 as both occur at a national level.
- Every NRHP site has a reference number that can be denoted with the tag: ref:nrhp=*.
- heritage:ref=* is not necessary as it is adequately covered by the reference tag: ref:nrhp=*, although it may be helpful for data consumers that do not index ref:nrhp=*.
- heritage:website=* provided there is a webpage on NPGallery Digital Asset Search then linking the website is appropriate and recommended.
- heritage:operator=nrhp is also required for all NRHP sites as it displays what group operates it.
- nrhp:inscription_date=* This is the date that the site was added to the NRHP and exists for nearly all sites. This should be in the form yyyy-mm-dd (4-digit year, 2 digit month, and 2 digit day).
- start_date=* Not all sites will have the date of construction, but if they do be sure to add it. Some sites may only have a year or month of a year listed. In this situation one can just add the value of the date as yyyy or yyyy-mm. In many less-documented sites, only significant years or year ranges are shown. Here one should avoid using the start_date=* tag all together.
- architect=* Some sites will have the name of an architect listed, while some will list a firm/company or multiple architects. One can follow the documentation on the previously linked tag to determine the best way to tag for architecture.
- wikipedia=* Many sites, especially NHL sites and churches will have a wikipedia page already created. The format for this is to put the language code first (en for English, de for German, fr for French, etc.) with a colon followed by the exact title of the page. For example, wikipedia=en:John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge.
- wikimedia_commons=* Plenty of sites already have images taken by contributors on Wikimedia Commons. Linking a Wikimedia Commons image to a heritage site is done in a way similarly to the wikipedia=* tag, but instead of the article title preceded by a language identifier, one just needs to copy and paste the file name. For example, wikimedia_commons=File:CovingtonKY JARoeblingBridge.jpg.
- wikidata=* Any NRHP site that has a Wikipedia page will also have a Wikidata ID that is a string of numbers. By adding the Wikidata ID, one makes the sharing of data between various open source projects more cohesive.
- nrhp:nhl=yes Provided that an NRHP site is also an NHL site, then one should denote this with this tag. However, if an NRHP site is not an NHL site, one should not use this tag at all, as if it does not exist, it is assumed that the site is not a NHL.
- nrhp:criteria=* (A),(B),(C),(D) This tag represents what qualified the site to become a part of the NRHP. One should enter the value as letter in parentheses. If the site satisfies more than one criteria, one can separate the values with a comma, not a semicolon. For example: nrhp:criteria=(A) or nrhp:criteria=(A),(B). The State Historical Society of North Dakota explain on the webpage, Criteria for Eligibility, what each value means:
- (A) - Place associated with an event that has contributed in some broad way to American history. (Event)
- (B) - Place associated with a significant person in history. (Person)
- (C) - Place that embodies characteristics of the period or construction and/or has some artistic/architectural value. (Architecture/Engineering)
- (D) - Places that are likely to yield or have yielded historical information. (Information Potential)
Building architecture
The tag, building:architecture=*, specifies what type of architecture a building has. Because of the natural variability in such a tag there are many different ways one can tag a building's architecture, but the NRHP has standardized this. This Wikipedia list provides all of the architectural style names and IDs utilized by the NRHP. The "OSM-ified" versions are listed below:
- No style listed - In the event that the NRHP documentation of a site has no architecture style, the style listed as simply "other," or multiple that are not enumerated, then one should not use the building:architecture=* tag unless there is an open source image of it in which the architecture style is clear and obvious.
- building:architecture=colonial
- building:architecture=georgian
- building:architecture=early_republic
- building:architecture=federal
- building:architecture=mid_19th_century_revival
- building:architecture=greek_revival
- building:architecture=gothic_revival
- building:architecture=italian_villa
- building:architecture=exotic_revival
- building:architecture=late_victorian
- building:architecture=gothic
- building:architecture=italianate
- building:architecture=second_empire
- building:architecture=stick; eastlake
- building:architecture=queen_anne
- building:architecture=shingle_style
- building:architecture=romanesque
- building:architecture=renaissance
- building:architecture=octagon_mode
- building:architecture=late_19th_and_20th_century_revivals
- building:architecture=colonial_revival
- building:architecture=classical_revival
- building:architecture=tudor_revival
- building:architecture=late_gothic_revival
- building:architecture=spanish_revival
- building:architecture=beaux_arts
- building:architecture=pueblo
- building:architecture=late_19th_and_early_20th_century_american_movements
- building:architecture=prairie_school
- building:architecture=early_commercial
- building:architecture=chicago
- building:architecture=skyscraper
- building:architecture=craftsman - Use in combination with building=bungalow
- building:architecture=modern_movement
- building:architecture=moderne
- building:architecture=international_style
- building:architecture=art_deco